Urban Warfare Inwards A 'Smart City' Environment

From the U.S. of A. of America Army's Mad Scientists Initiative via Small Wars Journal:

Trusting Smart Cities: Risk Factors together with Implications

Margaret L. Loper

This article is the latest add-on to the U.S. of A. of America Army TRADOC G2 Mad Scientist Initiative’s Future of Warfare 2030-2050 projection at Small Wars Journal.

In the coming decades, nosotros volition alive inward a earth surrounded past times tens of billions of devices that volition interoperate together with collaborate to deliver personalized together with autonomic services.  This epitome of objects and things ubiquitously surrounding us is called the Internet of Things (IoT). Cities may hold upwards the get-go to do goodness from the IoT, but reliance on these machines to brand decisions has profound implications for trust. Trusting smart cities refers to the confidence together with belief of smart metropolis installations to hold upwards capable of operating securely, reliably, together with accountably. To sympathize how trust applies to smart cities, nosotros innovate formal definitions of trust together with risk, and present iii withdraw chances factors that capture the gain of issues that must hold upwards considered when deploying smart metropolis technologies. Building on these withdraw chances factors, a threat analysis matrix for capturing how good smart cities are addressing these risks is proposed. We unopen the newspaper amongst roughly thoughts on the futurity of warfare inward smart cities.

Introduction

The urban environs is becoming increasingly to a greater extent than connected together with complex. In the coming decades, nosotros will be surrounded past times billions of sensors, devices together with machines, the Internet of Things (IoT). Cities and urban areas that do goodness from the IoT are unremarkably referred to every bit Smart Cities (SC) [1]:

"A smart sustainable metropolis is an innovative metropolis that uses data together with communication technologies together with other way to ameliorate character of life, efficiency of urban functioning together with services, together with competitiveness, spell ensuring that it meets the needs of nowadays together with futurity generations amongst observe to economic, social together with environmental aspects."

The persuasion of a SC tin flame hold upwards applied to other domains every bit well, such every bit smart armed forces installations, smart compounds, and smart campuses. [i] Smart metropolis applications are developed amongst the finish of improving the administration of urban flows and allowing for existent fourth dimension responses to challenges. However, at that spot are security risks associated amongst deploying distributed sensor networks inward urban environments. One withdraw chances is the ability of adversaries to gain access to civilian infrastructures together with utilization them against us. Therefore, it is critical to sympathize how these IoT technologies volition hold upwards used inward urban environments, their operational behavior, how citizens volition interact amongst these sensor networks, together with security implications of large scale deployment in urban environments.

Cities may hold upwards the get-go to do goodness from the IoT, but being surrounded past times billions of sensors, devices and machines has profound implications for security, trust and privacy. The more engineering scientific discipline a metropolis uses, the more vulnerable to cyber-attacks it is, so the smartest cities face the highest risks. While security, privacy and trust are all critical areas for IoT, our specific involvement is focused on Trust.

The demand for trust has long been recognized, every bit stated inward [2], the “… pivotal purpose inward … determination making way it is essential that nosotros are able to trust what these devices are proverb together with command what they do. We demand to hold upwards for certain that nosotros are talking to the right thing, that it is operating correctly, that nosotros tin flame believe the things it tells us, that it volition do what nosotros order it to, together with that no-one else tin flame interfere along the way.” This brings us to the persuasion of whether nosotros tin flame trust smart cities.

This newspaper is organized every bit follows. In department II nosotros innovate a formal Definition of trust together with its inverse human relationship to risk. In social club to sympathize how trust applies to smart cities, nosotros innovate iii withdraw chances factors in Section III. H5N1 threat analysis matrix is introduced in Section IV, which represents the next steps in understanding the risk to smart cities. We unopen the paper with some thoughts on the futurity of cyber-attacks on smart cities.

Trust together with Risk

There are several definitions of trust. Trust is the belief inward the competence of an entity to human activeness dependably, securely together with reliably inside a specified context [3]. Trust is the extent to which ane political party is willing to depend on somebody, or something, inward a given province of affairs amongst a feeling of relative security, fifty-fifty though negative consequences are possible [4]. In other words, trust is a broader notion than data security; it includes subjective criteria and experience. Trust includes concepts, such as

• Perception – awareness of something through the senses;
• Memory – past times history and experience; and
• Context – trust may be in one situation, but less or not at all inward another.

The subjective nature of trust relies on one’s willingness to participate inward a transaction, together with the relative security of the final result of the transaction. Thus, at that spot is an human face of dependence, which includes both uncertainty through possibility together with risk through negative consequences [4].

Risk emerges when the value at stake inward a transaction is high, or when this transaction has a critical purpose inward the security or the security of a system. “In most trust systems considering risk, the user must explicitly handgrip the human relationship betwixt withdraw chances and trust past times acknowledging that the two notions are inward an inverse relationship, i.e. depression value transactions are associated to high withdraw chances and depression trust levels and vice versa, or, similarly, risk together with trust describe inward reverse directions to decide a users’ acceptance of a partner.” [5]

To sympathize how this inverse relationship applies to smart cities, nosotros define iii key withdraw chances factors [6]: non-technical, technical together with complexity. Non-technical withdraw chances includes aspects of a SC where humans are involved, such every bit management, preparation and education, governance together with security practices.

Technical withdraw chances factors focus on the engineering scientific discipline aspects of a SC, including both hardware and software systems. This also includes the concept of cyber-physical systems, which is a scheme of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities. The final withdraw chances factor is complexity. H5N1 smart metropolis is not a discrete thing; it is the complex multi-dimensional interconnection of diverse systems (human together with technology) that deliver services and promote optimum performance to its users. There is withdraw chances inward the complexity of these systems, especially every bit the scale becomes really large. These key withdraw chances factors are described inward to a greater extent than item inward the following section.

Risk Factors

In this section, nosotros describe examples of withdraw chances that autumn into each of the iii dimensions.

Non-Technical

Smart cities represent a key modify to the way that services are delivered – it’s not primarily virtually technology, but virtually service transformation and improvement [7]. This brings into focus the importance of processes and people, i.e. how to make a metropolis smart and who manages it. This leads us to the non-technical withdraw chances areas: management, preparation and best practices.

Management. Advanced technologies increase complexity together with uncertainty. The greater the risk, the to a greater extent than necessary it is to withdraw keep effective managerial and policy tools to bargain amongst the risk. Performance of smart cities volition depend on effective administration of the systems and infrastructure, non purely the performance of the systems themselves. Information engineering scientific discipline (IT) deployment is a complex endeavor, together with failure to instruct by the high risks associated amongst a deployment tin flame Pb to full failure inward technology-driven world sector projects. An instance of this is the disastrous curl out of the wellness data marketplace for the Affordable Care Act. [8] In fact, 85% of all IT projects neglect because of the challenges past times non-technical aspects of innovation, inward large purpose - policy, organization, and management-related risks [9]....

...MUCH MORE